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The Linux operating system started as a project by a computer science student in Finland named Linux Torvalds. He wanted to study the C programming language and Unix. Torvalds used a tiny Unix system called Minux to get work done. Minux was great for students because it worked on cheap Intel hardware and was free.

But he wasn’t quite satisfied with Minux. So in his spare time he started coding his own version of Unix, hoping to create something like Minux, but better. The result of his work was Linux. Torvalds released Linux on the internet for free.

Now at this point, Linux was just the kernel, that part of the operating system that runs the show in the background. The kernel is responsible for memory management, process and file management and input/output. These are the super low-level things that most people don’t really notice.

Other programmers began writing code for Linux. Little by little Linux began to work on more hardware. New device drivers, video drivers, etc., were added to the mix.

Once Linux had reached a certain point, developers began coding Linux versions of the standard Unix tools. Then the GNU Project, who’d been creating a Unix alternative themseleves since 1984, was set on top of Linus’s kernel, and GNU/Linux really took off. The GNU Project had most of the pieces in place, but they lacked a kernel. So it was a nice fit.

Linux is called Linux, but could just as easily be called GNU, or GNU/Linux, because the GNU Project’s contribution was huge. Some steadfastly refer to Linux as GNU/Linux.

Recently Linux has become one of the top web server platforms for most major ISPs. And Linux is slowly increasing its share of the desktop. Ubuntu Linux has really matured of late on the desktop and support is being offered by a number of companies. Large corporations can now deploy Linux workstations at a fraction of the cost of competing OS vendors and feel safe knowing that business class support is available 24/7.

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Author: Rand Whitehall
Article Source: EzineArticles.com
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Buying computers or laptops is a crucial decision as it demands heavy investments from one’s pocket.

Today, there are a number of brands coming over that has made the selection quite difficult as all of these brands claim to be equally competent giving out quality products. The latest brand that has captured the attention of PC users is Compaq.

Compaq Presario C765TU is a reliable working machine that has won the hearts of even most demanding PC and laptop users. Users have their ever-increasing dependability on laptops and computers and on other related working machines. A computer that one chooses must ensure that the data stored in is safe and protected from all kinds of harms. Compaq Presario C765TU delivers the reliability that one has its data safely stored and s easy to be traced at any other point of time.

Likewise all the other Compaq laptops this laptop model is also set designed uniquely having Windows Vista, Ubuntu and XP. The system is run by 2.0 Ghz Celeron 550 processor which stands proficient to generate a valuable amount of power to carry on the work. Also, this laptop model is equipped with 15.4 inch WXGA high definition wide screen display. With the help of Compaq laptop, one can easily make movies and can watch programs whilst playing wonderful games on its vibrant color display. The laptop model has got 1GB RAM which further works as an added advantage to buying this amazing notebook model.

Buy Compaq Presario C765TU if you dream to work on a smooth and responsive keyboard that helps one to pursue typing as a comfortable experience. The laptop touch pad is set quite easy to operate and has given ease to long hour PC workers. The battery of this amazing laptop model is set long lasting giving out up to the mark performance.

This Compaq laptop comes instilled with 3 USB ports, wireless Connectivity and with an integrated 5 in 1 digital memory card slot. It also includes an Ethernet port, a microphone jack, AC adapter, 2 omni-directional microphones, video output, a Kingiston lock, and a telephone jack that is used for a built-in dial up modem.

Buy the Compaq Presario C765TU as it promises durability and provides a stable and powerful platform to perform anytime computing. One can fetch great discounts if one buys HP Compaq laptops from Compaq to make a dependable deal.

Vinnit Alex is well known author who provide helpful information about buy brand laptops such as HP Pavilion Laptops and IBM Laptops etc, through Online Shopping in India.

Author: Vinnit Alex
Article Source: EzineArticles.com
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Among that small but vocal minority that really care about such things, the argument goes on. Which is better, linux or windows? They both have advantages and strengths so why not use both of them? One suggestion is to shrink the windows partition and create a new linux partition. Then a linux operating system, maybe Ubuntu or Debian, is installed in the new partition. You then have what is referred to as a dual boot system. Either windows or linux is selected at startup. The idea of messing with the main drive can be a little bit scary. There is an easier and less radical solution. Let me introduce Cygwin.

Q. What is Cygwin?

A. Cygwin is a linux like environment that runs on windows.

Q. Why would I want to use Cygwin?

A. There are many applications available in linux that are not available in windows. Also, many of the commercial windows applications have corresponding linux versions that are free.

Q. Is it difficult to install Cygwin?

A. No. Go to the Cygwin site, download the setup program, and with a few clicks it is ready to go.

Q. Why would I want to use something that looks like windows command line dos?

A. Many users feel that linux is cleaner, more powerful, and faster. Also, if you are building your own site, you will probably be on a linux server. Cygwin is a good place to get used to the features and commands.

Q. I have installed Cygwin but can’t find the feature I want to use. Where is it?

A. The initial setup of Cygwin installs a base system. Any time you want to add a new feature, just run setup again, use the search box to find the feature you want, select it, and install with a few mouse clicks.

Q. Is Cygwin linux?

A. No. To quote from the Cygwin site:

Cygwin is a Linux-like environment for Windows. It consists of two parts:

A DLL (cygwin1.dll) which acts as a Linux API emulation layer providing substantial Linux API functionality.

A collection of tools which provide Linux look and feel.

This is only a small overview of Cygwin. I hope that I have encouraged you to try it. I have used it for many things such as manipulation of PDF files, to telnet into my online sites’ files, and to try out things I found in my searches but couldn’t find a way to do it in windows or if the programs were available, they were too expensive. In some cases, just being made aware of the terminology led me to free windows applications.

John Paige is a writer, researcher, and student of how technology can be used to enhance the quality of life

Author: John Paige
Article Source: EzineArticles.com
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Thanks to the cheaper technology is not surprising that many of us have more than one flash drive at home laughing not knowing what to do very well with him. We buy more capacity pen drives under are cheaper and no longer use because they stay there.

An interesting way to use him there is to install a bootable Linux distribution to run on any computer for testing or to take our small operating system wherever we go, our favorite applications and documents. Thanks to Lili USB Creator can do very easily.

Lili USB Creator is a Windows application that will do just that. Indicating a number of parameters, we apply our pendrive formatted and put there the Linux distribution you want. Unfortunately not support any Linux distribution, but the list is quite extensive.

Another very interesting Lili USB Creator is that when choosing the source where we have the system we want to pass the pendrive can choose between an image at ISO, IMG, or ZIP, CD or download it directly through the application. And this last point is the one I liked.

Lili also USB Creator offers the possibility of installing a sort of virtualized Linux to run it directly in Windows without the need for other applications. Although this is interesting I think there are other solutions much better in this aspect, but should take a look.

It is certainly a pleasant surprise that I have brought with Lili USB Creator, and the truth is that right now I’m installing Ubuntu on an old flash drive I had around here and it seems that are doing it correctly (by downloading the ISO directly through application). It is fully in Castilian.

An enthusiastic blogger invites you to visit theFreeware Software Blog How-To Newwhere you can find free programs, tricks for Windows, web applications and more.

Author: Kervin Vergara
Article Source: EzineArticles.com
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The Linux desktop is easier than it’s ever been and is a full featured desktop experience for the average person. Linux with the huge push from Ubuntu literally is ready for home use. Many wonder what’s holding it back.

Most of the time there are debates over this feature or that feature, but is one application or one feature really holding Linux back?

If that was taken care of, would people instantly all be Linux users?

The answer is no.

The real thing that holds Linux back is marketing.

If you take Microsoft for example you will find there are a variety of ads online as well as on television. These ads, apart form talking about advanced features, technical data, and other things that an expert user would like are mainly showing people having fun using their computers and being happy with it. They paint an interesting picture.

One must realize that it’s not talking about features that make or break an operating system. The reality is having a message that goes to the marketplace through a concerted an integrated marketing strategy where advertising is one of the pillars, but no the only one. It is a question of getting the message across and it being believable. Windows commercials don’t get customers by technical features but by using very well structured advertising campaigns.

Will Linux ever market itself like this?

That’s a difficult question because it Linux doesn’t have the resources for the type of marketing campaigns it would need to compete at the same level. Since there isn’t a profit motive behind the home desktop experience, the funds are just not there to advertise at the same levels so it may never happen.

Perhaps it is time to think a little bit further outside the box. Social webs and the like are interactive communication arenas that can get viral.

Is there any hope?

With platforms like Android, many will eventually become aware that there are other alternatives. The more alternatives that are available and are known, the higher the chances that someone will take a Linux distribution and try it out. As these platforms get more popular, open platforms might be something people want.

Really it’s a matter of time because money is not on Linux’s side for the home desktop.

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Author: Philip Robinson
Article Source: EzineArticles.com
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Cheap Refurbished laptops could be great buys if one is looking for good features at more affordable prices. The IBM ThinkPad T41 refurbished by USANotebook is one of the best in this section and costs only $249. With Intel Pentium 1.6 GHz, 512 MB system memory, 80 GB hard drive and a CD and DVD writer, this laptop has almost all features that one would look for in day to day usage. The laptop which comes with Linux/Ubuntu software also has 32 MB video RAM, stereo speakers and 14.1 inch TFT display. A customized touchpad coupled with an Ultra-Nav dual pointing Trackpoint, WI-Fi and 2 USB ports are other utility features that make this one of the most economical amongst the cheap refurbished laptops.

The Acer Aspire One is another of the more attractive cheap refurbished laptops that has an Intel Atom N270 1.6 GHz with 1024 MB and 250 GB hard drive. A Microphone jack, headphone jack, VGA and 3 USBs along with 10.1 inches LED LCD display and built in stereo speakers are other features of this laptop that comes with Windows 7 starter software. The laptop costs around $299. The Dell Inspiron Mini 10-1010 is another of the most useful cheap furbished laptops that costs only $329. The laptop comes with WinXp Home and is factory refurbished. The best features include 3-in-1 car reader, 1024 MB system memory and 160 GB hard drive, Intel Z 530 1.6 GHz processor, Intel Graphics Media accelerator, 10.1 inch screen, stereo sound and touchpad.

Amongst factory cheap refurbished laptops the Lenovo Thinkpad T60 is one of the best. It costs $399 and comes laced with WinXp pro. Intel Core Due T2400 1.83 GHz, 1024 MB, 60 GB hard drive, Intel GMA 950 display, high definition audio, Ultranav and Trackpoint CD and DVD writer are other important features of this laptop. The laptop also has high speed USB and VGA. The last of the cheap furbished laptops we will talk about is the Acer Aspire 5516-5128 with an AMD Athlon 1.64 GHz processor. The laptop costs around $449 and has 2048 system memory and 160 GB hard drive. The 15.6 inch display coupled with a display adapter of ATI Radeon 1200 gives a good viewing experience. The high definition audio, 5 in 1 card reader, touchpad Windows Vista Home Basic OS and a DVD writer are other features of this factory refurbished laptop.

For more information about Cheap Refurbished Laptops and please visit to http://www.leadgadget.com

Author: Cole Patricia
Article Source: EzineArticles.com
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Ext4 or Fourth Extended file system is an advanced and reliable Linux file system, which is successor of Ext3 file system. It is a journaling file system, which has emerged very quickly. It adds numerous performance improvements and remove the 64-bit data storage limitations. However, in case of system crash, you may lose your valuable data from Ext4 file system volume, due to delayed allocation. Data loss is a critical situation, which may put you in needs of Linux Data Recovery.

* Delayed Allocation is a feature of Ext4, in which the blocks need to be allocated for holding the pending writes. The disk space for appended information is subtracted from free-space counter, however not really allocated in free-space bitmap. Alternatively, appended data remains in memory until it becomes necessary to be flushed to the storage media because of memory pressure or any other reason.

In Ext4 file system, Delayed Allocation causes some extra risks of the data loss if your system gets crashed before all the data is written to hard drive.

A common situations, in which it may occur, is an application replacing contents of file without forcing the write to hard drive with ‘fsync’. The problems may occur if your system crashes before actual write operation completes. The Ext4 code generally clears the file contents before system crash and do not write new version. Ext4 uses 2.6.28 version of Linux kernel.

Modifying the behavior of Ext4 file system through ‘fsync’ can cause severe performance issues on hard drive volumes, which are mounted with data=ordered flag using Ext3 file system.

Along with the Delayed Allocation issue, there are some implementation bugs of Ext4 file system that can cause severe file system metadata corruption. In such cases, operating system cannot find the essential data structures on hard drive and thus you cannot access data stored on the Linux hard drive volumes.

Work Around

You can prevent this problem by using the 2.6.30 version of Linux kernel, which has patches to solve this problem. In such situations, Linux Recovery is the only way to get your data back.

To recover the lost data, you need to scan your hard drive using third-party Ext4 Recovery software. They perform Data Recovery Linux in all cases of logical failure and data loss. The applications are safe and easy to use.

Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is a powerful utility that ensures absolute recovery of your lost, missing, and inaccessible data from Linux hard drive. It retrieves data from Ext4, Ext3, Ext2, FAT32, FAT16, and FAT12 file system volumes. The software is usable with all major distributions of Linux operating system, such as Red Hat, Debian, Mandriva, SUSE, and Ubuntu.

Allen Sood a student of Mass Communication doing research on Ext4 Recovery, Linux Data Recovery software And Ext3 Recovery. He is also a freelancer for ext4-file-recovery.data-recovery-linux.com/

Author: Allen Sood
Article Source: EzineArticles.com
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A Linux hard drive is divided into primary (boot) partitions, swap partitions, and logical partitions. Entries of all these partitions are saved in a ‘partition table’. Corruption in partition table primarily occurs due to improper system shutdown, human errors, virus infection, and file system corruption. Once a partition table is corrupted, you receive a boot error message, which makes the system unbootable.

In such situations, the data stored in your hard drive becomes inaccessible. To overcome any such boot error message and to access hard drive data, a user needs to restore data from an updated backup. However, if no backup is available or it falls short of restoring required data, then s/he needs to opt for a commercial Linux Data Recovery application.

To elaborate the above problem, consider a practical scenario where you boot your Linux system and encounter:

“This doesn’t look like a partition table Probably you selected the wrong device.”

After the above error message, the system freezes and becomes unbootable leading to inaccessibility of hard drive data. In addition, this error is repeated on every attempt made to boot your system.

Cause:

The fundamental cause for the occurrence of the above error message is corruption of partition table.

Resolution:

To overcome the above partition table corruption error message and to access the hard drive data, you will need to reinstall the operating system. The process of re-installation will allow you to create new partitions and store fresh data in them. However, re-installation also deletes data from all the partitions. To overcome this, and to access lost data saved in partitions, you need to search for an effective Linux Data Recovery software.

A Linux Recovery tool uses effective scanning procedure to scan a formatted Linux hard drive and recover lost partitions. A recovery tool also recovers specified files from a particular recovered partition.

Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is a comprehensive solution to recover lost, deleted, and formatted Linux hard drive partitions. This Linux Recovery application supports Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, and FAT file systems, and recovers data from IDE, EIDE, SATA, and other types of hard drives. Compatible with almost all kinds of Linux distributions, including SlackWare, Ubuntu, Gentoo, Mandrake, and SUSE, this read only software is easy-to-use, and operate, and thereby ensures complete recovery of all your data. It has been incorporated with high-end, yet safe, algorithms, apart from various power-packed Recovery features like, SMART, Disk Imaging, Save Scan, and more.

Allen a student of Mass Communication doing research on Ext2 Recovery, Linux Data Recovery software And Ext3 Recovery. HE is also a freelancer for ext3-file-recovery.data-recovery-linux.com/

Author: Allen Sood
Article Source: EzineArticles.com
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